{"id":55487,"date":"2022-10-26T11:48:17","date_gmt":"2022-10-26T08:48:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ctrcenter.orgpro-krymskyh-tatar"},"modified":"2022-11-05T14:44:43","modified_gmt":"2022-11-05T12:44:43","slug":"o-krymskih-tatarah","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ctrcenter.org\/qt\/o-krymskih-tatarah","title":{"rendered":"Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar aqq\u0131nda"},"content":{"rendered":"

TAR\u0130H<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar \u2014 Q\u0131r\u0131mn\u0131\u00f1 tam\u0131r halq\u0131; Q\u0131r\u0131mda tarihiy \u015fekillengen \u015farqiy avropa t\u00fcrkiy halq\u0131.<\/p>\n

ETNOGENEZ<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u0131mtatar halq\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 etnik tarihi bi\u00f1y\u0131llar devam\u0131nda Q\u0131r\u0131m yar\u0131madas\u0131nda ol\u0131p ke\u00e7ti. Bir \u00e7oq amilni\u00f1 tesiri alt\u0131nda yerli halqn\u0131\u00f1 antropolojik k\u00f6r\u00fcni\u015fi, \u0131rq\u0131, tili, dini, urf-adetleri ve \u00f6z\u00fcne has ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 hususiyetleri inki\u015faf etmi\u015ftir. Bu pek devaml\u0131 ve q\u0131y\u0131n ilerleme areketi ol\u011fan edi. O\u00f1a Qara De\u00f1izni\u00f1 \u015fimaliy yal\u0131s\u0131nda ve Q\u0131r\u0131m yar\u0131madas\u0131nda eski zamanlardan berli ya\u015fap kelgen bir qa\u00e7 halq ve qabileler birle\u015fmeleri: tavrlar, kimmerler, iskitler, sarmatlar, alanlar, ellinler, got ve hunlar, pe\u00e7eneg ve q\u0131p\u00e7aqlar, italyanlar, Ordu sakinleri ve ba\u015fqalar\u0131 qat\u0131ld\u0131. Olarn\u0131\u00f1 evl\u00e2tlar\u0131 bu diyarn\u0131\u00f1 sad\u0131q saipleri ol\u0131p XV as\u0131rda ayr\u0131 mustaqil devlet – Q\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 qurd\u0131lar ve b\u00f6yleliknen q\u0131r\u0131mtatar milletini\u00f1 as\u0131l olunmas\u0131na \u00f6z genetik isseni qo\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

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Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar\u0131 bir millet ol\u011fanlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen bug\u00fcn olar \u00fc\u00e7 subetnik taq\u0131m\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 birle\u015fmesini te\u015fkil etmekteler: orta yolaql\u0131lar (da\u011f ve da\u011f alt\u0131), no\u011faylar (\u00e7\u00f6l), ve yal\u0131boyl\u0131lar (yal\u0131 boyu). \u00d6zara bu \u00fc\u00e7leri bet s\u0131madan, \u015five ve adet hususiyetlerinen biraz farqla\u015falar. Olarn\u0131\u00f1 b\u00f6yle olmas\u0131na etraf m\u00fciti ve ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f sayesi tesir etti.<\/p>\n

Orta yolaql\u0131lar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Da\u011f ve da\u011f eteginde ya\u015fap kelgen q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar\u0131 \u00f6zlerini “orta yolaql\u0131lar” dep adland\u0131ralar. Bun\u0131\u00f1 tam manas\u0131 Q\u0131r\u0131m yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 “orta b\u00f6lgesi” degenini a\u00f1lata. Ve bu, Q\u0131r\u0131m Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 Ba\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 taraqlar\u0131, em de da\u011f etegi b\u00f6lgeleri, yani Q\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcnen da\u011f aras\u0131ndaki ol\u011fan topraqlard\u0131r. Olar adeti \u00fczre Aqyar, Ba\u011f\u00e7asaray, Aqmescit, Qarasuvbazar, Eski Q\u0131r\u0131m, Kefe civar\u0131nda ya\u015fay ediler. U\u015fbu b\u00f6lgeni\u00f1 etnogenetik qarma\u015f\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131na baqmadan kesinlikle o esnasqa, yani “orta yolaql\u0131larn\u0131\u00f1”, as\u0131l olmas\u0131na, tavrlar, iskitler, sarmatlar, alanlar, gotlar, ellinler, bul\u011farlar, q\u0131p\u00e7aqlar ve q\u0131smen \u00e7erkesler qat\u0131ld\u0131 demek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. L\u00e2kin taqdim etilgen mal\u00fcmat belli derecede umumiyle\u015ftirilgen, \u00e7\u00fcnki s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlikten evel Da\u011f ve da\u011f eteginde yerle\u015fken er bir k\u00f6yni\u00f1 ealisinde \u00f6z\u00fcne l\u00e2y\u0131q bir de bir \u00e7izgileri bar edi ve olar\u011fa nisbeten ol\u011fan ayr\u0131 halqn\u0131\u00f1 tesiri k\u00f6r\u00fclmekte edi. “Orta yolaq” ealisini\u00f1 subetnos \u015fekillenmesinde m\u00fcim rol\u00fcni got, ellin ve q\u0131p\u00e7aqlar oyna\u011fanlar dep say\u0131la. Til q\u0131p\u00e7aqlardan qal\u011fan, maddiy medeniyet ve antropolojik hususiyetleri ellin ve gotlardan mirasl\u0131q olaraq ke\u00e7ken edi. Got tesiri ekseriyetnen Q\u0131r\u0131m da\u011flarn\u0131\u00f1 \u011farbiy vil\u00e2yetlerinde, yani Ba\u011f\u00e7asaray b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fap kelgen ealini\u00f1 aras\u0131nda belli olund\u0131.<\/p>\n

No\u011faylar<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6l q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar\u0131 “no\u011faylar” subetnik taq\u0131m\u0131na kireler. Ya\u015fa\u011fan yerleri \u2013 \u00e7\u00f6l, Q\u0131r\u0131mn\u0131\u00f1 t\u00fczl\u00fck yeri ve Keri\u00e7 yar\u0131madas\u0131ndan ibaret ol\u011fan \u00c7\u00f6l taraf\u0131d\u0131r. No\u011faylarn\u0131\u00f1 olmas\u0131nda q\u0131p\u00e7aqlar ve Ordu sakinleri i\u015ftirak etip, olarn\u0131\u00f1 \u015fivesi, maddiy medeniyeti ve genotipine tesir ettiler. No\u011faylarn\u0131\u00f1 antropolojik kavkazoid ve 10 fayizi mo\u011fol \u00e7izgileri bar. \u015eiveleri t\u00fcrk tillerini\u00f1 q\u0131p\u00e7aq  taq\u0131m\u0131na ait ol\u0131p, Tarhankut-Kezlev (\u011farbiy), Perekop-Cank\u00f6y (\u015fimaliy) ve Keri\u00e7 (\u015farqiy) leh\u00e7elerine b\u00f6l\u00fcne.<\/p>\n

Yal\u0131 boyl\u0131lar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cen\u00fcbiy sail q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar\u0131, yal\u0131boyl\u00fc – tam manas\u0131 “cen\u00fcbiy sailliler” ya da “sailliler” olaraq adland\u0131r\u0131l\u011fan qo\u015full\u0131 bir subetnik toplul\u0131\u011f\u0131na aittir. Muvaf\u0131q olaraq, yal\u0131boyl\u0131lar Q\u0131r\u0131mn\u0131\u00f1 saillerinde \u2013 \u011farbtaki Forostan ba\u015flap ta \u015farqtaki Kefege bar\u011fan\u0131 qadar ya\u015fap kelmekteler. Etnograflarn\u0131\u00f1 fikrine k\u00f6re, bu subetnik orta yolaql\u0131lar ve no\u011faylar\u011fa baqqanda biraz ke\u00e7 \u015fekillendi ve e\u00f1 ya\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r. Yal\u0131boyl\u0131lar Q\u0131r\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 Ana s\u0131rt\u0131 ve cen\u00fcbiy eteglerinde yerle\u015fip kelgenler. T\u00fcrl\u00fc devirlerde cen\u00fcbiy saillerde tavr ve iskitler, alan ve gotlar, yunan ve pe\u00e7enekler, q\u0131p\u00e7aq ve italyanlar mesk\u00fcnla\u015f\u011fanlar. M\u0131nda q\u0131smen selcuqlar da \u00f6z izlerini qald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Olarn\u0131\u00f1 episi q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 yal\u0131boy subetnos\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 olmas\u0131nda yer ald\u0131lar. Yal\u0131boy \u015fivesi t\u00fcrkiy tillerni\u00f1 q\u0131p\u00e7aq taq\u0131m\u0131na kirmekte, l\u00e2kin m\u0131nda o\u011fuz-selcuq subtaq\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn almaqta, bu da \u00f6z nevbetinde \u00fc\u00e7 esas leh\u00e7ege \u2013 Bal\u0131qlava, Yalta ve Sudaq \u2013 ay\u0131r\u0131lalar. Sonkisine kelgende bir qa\u00e7 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar, Sudaq leh\u00e7esini formal olaraq cen\u00fcbiy sail leh\u00e7esine ait ol\u011fan\u0131n\u0131 ve ondan sadece fonetik degil, em de leksik baq\u0131m\u0131ndan farqla\u015fa degen fikirdeler. Irqsal baq\u0131m\u0131ndan yal\u0131boyl\u0131lar kavkazoid, mo\u011fol belirtisi yoqt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

QIRIM HANLI\u011eI<\/h3>\n

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Q\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7oq milletli, farql\u0131 di\u00f1ler taqip\u00e7ileri ve zemaneviy t\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede ba\u011fr\u0131ke\u00f1 bir devletti. Bu yerde q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar\u0131, qaraylar, urumlar, gotlar evl\u00e2tlar\u0131, q\u0131r\u0131m\u00e7aqlar, ermenler ve Q\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7ingeneleri, yani urman\u00e7eller ya\u015fay ediler. Olarn\u0131\u00f1 episi Q\u0131r\u0131m Hann\u0131\u00f1 taq\u0131r\u0131b\u0131 ol\u0131p qanun\u011fa uyaraq, bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde ya\u015fard\u0131. Q\u0131r\u0131m \u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 al\u0131p bar\u011fan salmaql\u0131 ve aq\u0131ll\u0131 siyasetini\u00f1 sayesine \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir Q\u0131r\u0131m toplum\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 orta\u011fa \u00e7\u0131qmas\u0131na yard\u0131m ketirgen \u00f6zel bir tengerim, sintez ve ba\u011fr\u0131ke\u00f1lik qurum\u0131 ol\u011fan edi. Q\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 diniy ve etnik siyaseti \u0130sl\u00e2m temellerine esaslan\u0131p al\u0131p bar\u0131lmaqtad\u0131.\"\"<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda muasir t\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesinde millet a\u00f1lay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yoq edi. Din esas rol\u00fcni oynay edi ve toplumn\u0131\u00f1 te\u015fkillenmesini tayinledi. Ba\u015fqaca aytqanda “tar\u0131” ya da “diniy millet” tizimi mevcut edi. Muhafaza olun\u011fanlar cedveline dail etilgen yeudiler, hristianlar ve baz\u0131 ba\u015fqa dinlerni\u00f1 izda\u015flar\u0131 bu ya da diger bir “tar\u0131\u011fa” – \u0130sl\u00e2m devletindeki muhtar bir diniy cemaat\u0131na dail etildi. “Ahl al-Kitab” adamlar\u0131na, yani Tevrat ve \u0130ncil izda\u015flar\u0131na mal-m\u00fclk tiyilmemezligi,  ticaret, esnaf ve kiri\u015fim i\u015fini\u00f1 serbestligi kefalet etile edi.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u0131mda birinci han Hac\u0131 Geray 1 temel qoy\u011fan Geraylar s\u00fcl\u00e2lesi \u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131q etken.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u0131m hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 deviri  – q\u0131r\u0131mtatar medeniyeti, sanat\u0131 ve edebiyat\u0131  e\u00f1 \u00e7e\u00e7eklengen deviri.  A\u015f\u0131q \u00d6mer o devirni\u00f1 klassigidir. \u015eairler aras\u0131nda e\u00f1 bellileri  Mahmud Q\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131 ve han \u011eaz\u0131 Geray Bora 11-dir. O zamandan saqlan\u0131p qal\u011fan mimariy yadik\u00e2rl\u0131qlarn\u0131\u00f1 e\u00f1 b\u00fcy\u00fcgi Ba\u011f\u00e7asaraydaki (orta as\u0131r Q\u0131r\u0131mn\u0131\u00f1 paytaht\u0131) Hansarayd\u0131r.  <\/p>\n

RUS\u0130YE \u0130MPER\u0130YASI<\/h3>\n

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XVIII as\u0131rda Q\u0131r\u0131m hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye ve Rusiye aras\u0131ndaki de\u015fetli siyasiy oyunlarda “bozuql\u0131q para” ol\u0131p, as\u0131rn\u0131\u00f1 so\u00f1lar\u0131nda  rus basq\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131na t\u00fc\u015fti. 1783 senesi Rusiyeni\u00f1 Osmanl\u0131 imperiyas\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u011falebe qazanmas\u0131 neticesinde Q\u0131r\u0131m Rusiye taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015fta i\u015f\u011fal etilip, so\u00f1ra bas\u0131p al\u0131nd\u0131. Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar tarih\u0131nda \u00f6zleri degenleri kibi “Qara as\u0131r” deviri ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Rusiye qo\u015fular\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 Q\u0131r\u0131m\u011fa bast\u0131r\u0131p kirmesinen yek\u00fcnlengen Q\u0131r\u0131m hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilhaq et\u00fcv siyaseti K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-Qaynarcada imzalan\u011fan bar\u0131\u015f\u0131q a\u00f1la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan-do\u011fru bozuv edi. Q\u0131r\u0131m yerli sakinlerni\u00f1 aqlar\u0131 ve serbestligine \u00e7oqtan-\u00e7oq zarar ketirilgeni alda zapt etildi. As\u0131l\u0131nda q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 \u015eain Geray yetek\u00e7iligindeki mustaqil devleti bas\u0131p al\u0131nd\u0131. <\/p>\n

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Q\u0131r\u0131mn\u0131\u00f1 Yekaterina taraf\u0131ndan ilhaq etilmesi q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar i\u00e7\u00fcn facial\u0131 old\u0131. Q\u0131r\u0131m hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tamamile serbestligini \u011fay\u0131p etti. Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 urf-adetleri, medeniy ve maneviy \u00f6m\u00fcri, psihologiyas\u0131, hocal\u0131\u011f\u0131na qatt\u0131 darbe uruld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Rus pome\u015f\u00e7ikleri tatarlarn\u0131 \u00f6z topraqlar\u0131ndan quv\u0131p, camilerni\u00f1 vaquf topraqlar\u0131n\u0131 bile \u00e7ekip ald\u0131lar. Bundan da \u011fayr\u0131, rusiyeliler  Q\u0131r\u0131mn\u0131\u00f1 topraq saiplerini qullar\u011fa \u00e7evirdiler. Y\u00fcz bi\u00f1lernen q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131  qa\u00e7\u0131p, Osmanl\u0131 imperiyas\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 topraqlar\u0131nda s\u0131\u011f\u0131naq q\u0131d\u0131rma\u011fa mecbur etti.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar\u011fa medeniy cenk il\u00e2n etildi:  imperiya akimlerini\u00f1 emirine binaen camiler ve qadimiy mezarl\u0131qlar bozuld\u0131, musmulmanlarn\u0131 namaz\u011fa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u011fan mazinler qur\u015fun\u011fa tizildiler.  Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar \u00f6z Vatan\u0131nda azl\u0131q old\u0131ldar.  Q\u0131r\u0131m\u011fa rusiyeli ve ukrainal\u0131 k\u00f6\u00e7ebeler keldi. Rusiyeni\u00f1 m\u00fcstemleke siyaseti qadimiy medeniyetni basq\u0131 alt\u0131na ald\u0131. <\/p>\n

Amma o\u00f1 doquz\u0131nc\u0131 as\u0131rn\u0131\u00f1 so\u00f1unda q\u0131r\u0131mtatar ziyal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131\u00f1, ilk-evel\u00e2  oca, yaz\u0131c\u0131 ve jurnalist, “Terciman” gazetas\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 na\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0130smail Gasprinskpiy (Gaspral\u0131)  yetek\u00e7iliginde isl\u00e2at areketi ba\u015fland\u0131. <\/p>\n

QIRIMTATARLARNI\u00d1 \u011eAYRIDAN CANLANUVI<\/h3>\n

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Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 \u011fayr\u0131dan canlanuv\u0131  ulu m\u00fctefekkir, medeniyet erbab\u0131  \u0130smail Gasprinskiyni\u00f1 (1851-1914) ad\u0131nen ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Q\u0131r\u0131mtatar halq\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 \u011fayr\u0131dan canlanmas\u0131 o\u011frunda o, b\u00fcy\u00fck faaliyetlerde bulun\u0131p, semetde\u015flerini Q\u0131r\u0131mn\u0131 terk etmemege \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. \u00d6z\u00fcni\u00f1 “Terciman”(birinci q\u0131r\u0131mtatar gazetas\u0131) gazetas\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 saifelerinde o, q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar\u011fa olar Q\u0131r\u0131m topra\u011f\u0131nda tam\u0131r atqan, tarih\u0131 pek teren devirlerden ba\u015flan\u011fan, \u00f6z Yurtun\u0131\u00f1 saibi olma\u011fa aql\u0131 medeniy bir millet ol\u011fan\u0131n\u0131 a\u00f1latqan.<\/p>\n

Gasprinskiy tarihta b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015earqn\u0131\u00f1 m\u00fctefekkiri, m\u00fcim meselelerni \u00e7ezmek i\u00e7\u00fcn “Tilde, fikirde, i\u015fte birlik!” \u015fiar\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015fmege \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u011fan demokrat ve siyaset\u00e7i olaraq tan\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n

“TERC\u0130MAN”<\/h3>\n

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 “Terciman” gazetas\u0131 Q\u0131r\u0131mda 1883 senesinden 1914 senesine qadar ne\u015fir etilip, rusiyeli musulmanlarn\u0131\u00f1 umummilliy ne\u015fir organ\u0131, Rusiye \u00fcmmeti birligini timsali edi. Gazetan\u0131\u00f1 ilk maqalesinde “Terciman” imk\u00e2n\u0131 ol\u011fan\u0131 qadar musulmanlar\u011fa  medeniy ayattan sa\u011flam, faydal\u0131 mal\u00fcmatlarn\u0131 bildirmege, ve aksine  ruslarn\u0131  musulmanlarn\u0131\u00f1 \u00f6m\u00fcri, baq\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve  itiyaclar\u0131nen tan\u0131\u015f etecegi ayt\u0131ld\u0131. Rusiye \u00fcmmeti i\u00e7\u00fcn gazeta esas informatsiya menbas\u0131 old\u0131.<\/p>\n

 “Terciman”n\u0131\u00f1 tili on\u0131\u00f1 muvafaqiyetini\u00f1 ba\u015f sebebi old\u0131.  Belli ol\u011fan\u0131na k\u00f6re Gasprinskiy, umumt\u00fcrk edebiy tilni\u00f1 tarafdar\u0131 edi. On\u0131\u00f1 ne\u015fir ettigi gazeta epsi t\u00fcrklerge a\u00f1lay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ol\u0131p, on\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn t\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131  serbest ve raat oqu\u011fan. Bu ceetten “Terciman” unikal bir gazeta ol\u011fan, \u00e7\u00fcnki ondan so\u00f1 \u00e7\u0131q\u0131p ba\u015fla\u011fan ne\u015firler yerli tillerde bas\u0131l\u0131p, bu sebepten art\u0131q umumt\u00fcrk emiyetine malik olma\u011fanlar.  <\/p>\n

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“Terciman”n\u0131\u00f1  abune fiyat\u0131 ucuz ol\u011fan. Bundan da \u011fayr\u0131 Gasprinskiy \u00f6z matbaas\u0131nda  bas\u0131l\u011fan kitaplarn\u0131 abunecilerge er y\u0131l\u0131 bedava yolla\u011fan ve b\u00f6yleliknen oquy\u0131c\u0131larn\u0131 celp etken.<\/p>\n

 “Terciman”n\u0131\u00f1 keyfiyeti y\u00fcksek ol\u011fan.  \u0130\u015fbu gazetan\u0131 Moskva ve Peterburg k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde \u00e7oq y\u0131llar devam\u0131nda tedqiq etken professor \u0130smail Kerimov  gazeta saifelerinde derc olun\u011fan fotolarn\u0131\u00f1, metinlerni\u00f1 y\u00fcksek keyfiyetini qayd ete. On\u0131\u00f1 fikirince b\u00f6yle keyfiyet ondan so\u00f1 \u00e7\u0131qqan bir \u00e7oq ne\u015firlerde endi olma\u011fan.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00c7K\u0130 CENK<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Rusiyede ba\u015flan\u011fan i\u00e7ki cenk q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar i\u00e7\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131r aqibetler ketirdi. 1917 senesi Fevral inqil\u00e2b\u0131ndan so\u00f1 q\u0131r\u0131mtatar halq\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 birinci qurultay\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Onda \u00e7oqmilletli mustaqil Q\u0131r\u0131m halq cumhuriyetini\u00f1 qurulmas\u0131 o\u011frunda areket ba\u015flan\u011fan\u0131 il\u00e2n etildi. Q\u0131r\u0131mtatar siyaset\u00e7isi ve cemaat erbab\u0131  Noman \u00c7elebicihan Q\u0131r\u0131m halq cumhuriyeti Anayasas\u0131n\u0131 i\u015flev komissiyas\u0131na kire. Qurultay Komissiya taqdim etken leyhan\u0131 tasdiqlay, Noman \u00c7elebicihan ise milliy \u00fck\u00fcmet ve ayn\u0131 zamanda adliye naziri olaraq saylana.<\/p>\n

 “Millet” ve “Golos tatar” (Tatarlar sedas\u0131) gazetalar\u0131nda ya\u00f1\u0131 qurul\u011fan \u00fck\u00fcmet aqq\u0131nda il\u00e2nda b\u00f6yle denilgen: ” Q\u0131r\u0131mtatar milliy \u00fck\u00fcmeti yal\u0131\u00f1\u0131z tam\u0131r halqn\u0131\u00f1  baht\u0131 ve normal faaliyetini teminlemek degil de, b\u00fct\u00fcn yurtda\u015flarn\u0131, yar\u0131mada sakinlerini basq\u0131, tertipsizlik ve isyanlardan qor\u00e7alamaq, olarn\u0131\u00f1 ayat\u0131 ve namus\u0131n\u0131 saqlamaq i\u00e7\u00fcn quruld\u0131 ve bu i\u015fni \u00f6z\u00fcni\u00f1 muqaddes borcu, dep bile”.<\/p>\n

Noman \u00c7elebicihan Q\u0131r\u0131mda ya\u015fa\u011fan b\u00fct\u00fcn halqlarn\u0131\u00f1 musaviyligi i\u00e7\u00fcn k\u00fcre\u015fken. “Bizim vazifemiz (\u0130sve\u00e7re) \u015eveytsariya kibi devlet qurmaqt\u0131r. Q\u0131r\u0131mn\u0131\u00f1 halqlar\u0131 acayip bir g\u00fcldestedir, er biri i\u00e7\u00fcn te\u00f1 uquq ve \u015faraitler yarat\u0131lmal\u0131 ki, biz el-elge berebar ketecekmiz”, – dep yaz\u011fan o.  <\/p>\n

Amma, Rusiyede ol\u011fan Okt\u00e2br inqil\u00e2b\u0131, q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 \u00fck\u00fcmetini tan\u0131ma\u011fan bol\u015feviklerni\u00f1 akimiyetke kelmesi ya\u015f Q\u0131r\u0131m Halq Cumhuriyetini tel\u00fcke alt\u0131na ta\u015flad\u0131. 1918 senesi yanvar 26 k\u00fcn\u00fc  Aqyarda bol\u015feviklerni\u00f1 sil\u00e2l\u0131 otr\u00e2dlar\u0131 aktiv arbiy areketlerge ke\u00e7tiler.  da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131p, Q\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerinden nezaret vaqt\u0131nca bol\u015feviklerni\u00f1 eline ke\u00e7ti.  Q\u0131r\u0131mtatar \u00fck\u00fcmetini\u00f1 reisi Noman \u00c7elebicihan bol\u015fevikler taraf\u0131ndan yaqalan\u0131p, 27 k\u00fcn devam\u0131nda Aqyar apshanesinde tutuld\u0131. 1918 senesi fevral 23 k\u00fcn\u00fc Noman \u00c7elebicihan qur\u015funland\u0131, cesedi ise Qara de\u00f1izge ta\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cenk vaqt\u0131nda q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 menfaatlar\u0131 ne “q\u0131z\u0131llarn\u0131” ve ne de “beyazlarn\u0131” raats\u0131zlad\u0131. 1921-1923 senelerdeki de\u015fetli a\u00e7l\u0131qtan q\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131larn\u0131\u00f1 15 fay\u0131z\u0131 el\u00e2k old\u0131. <\/p>\n

SOVETLER AK\u0130M\u0130YET\u0130<\/h3>\n

1921 senesi Rusiye Federatsiyas\u0131 erk\u00e2n\u0131nda Q\u0131r\u0131m muhtar cumhuriyeti meydan\u011fa ketirilip, rus ve q\u0131r\u0131mtatar tilleri on\u0131\u00f1  devlet tilleri olaraq tan\u0131ld\u0131.  Cumhuriyet yolba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 esasen q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlardan ibaret edi.  Cumhuriyet qurul\u011fan so\u00f1 q\u0131sqa bir m\u00fcddet k\u00f6zetilgen k\u00f6teril\u00fcvden (milliy mektepler, teatr a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, milliy ne\u015firler \u00e7\u0131qar\u0131lmas\u0131) so\u00f1 1937 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 stalin repressiyalar\u0131 ba\u015fland\u0131. Q\u0131r\u0131mtatar ziyal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir q\u0131sm\u0131, \u015fu c\u00fcmleden belli devlet erbab\u0131 Veli \u0130braimov, d\u00fcnyaca me\u015fur \u015farq\u015f\u0131nas alim Bekir \u00c7oban-zade,  yoq etildi. 1939 senesi ke\u00e7irilgen cedvelge aluvn\u0131\u00f1 neticelerine k\u00f6re Q\u0131r\u0131mda q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 say\u0131s\u0131  218179 adamn\u0131, yani yar\u0131mada ealisini\u00f1 19,4  fay\u0131z\u0131n\u0131  te\u015fkil etken. <\/p>\n

S\u00dcRG\u00dcNL\u0130K<\/h3>\n

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1944 senesi Stalin q\u0131r\u0131mtatar halq\u0131n\u0131 (191 bi\u00f1den ziyade insan,  47 000 qoranta) b\u00fct\u00fcnleyin Orta Asiya\u011fa s\u00fcrg\u00fcn etmek emirini bere.  1944 senesi may\u0131s 18 sabas\u0131 alman i\u015f\u011falcilerinen i\u015fbirlikte qabaatlan\u011fan halqn\u0131 \u00d6zbekistan, Qahazistan ve Tacikistan cumhuriyetlerine s\u00fcrg\u00fcn et\u00fcv operatsiyas\u0131 ba\u015fland\u0131. Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar hainlikte su\u00e7land\u0131lar. Epsi ol\u0131p  193 865  q\u0131r\u0131mtatar\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn etilip, \u015fulardan  151 136 insan \u2013 \u00d6zbekistan,  8597 insan  \u2013Mariy muhtar cumhuriyeti, 4286 insan  –  Qazahistan, qal\u011fanlar\u0131 ise RSFSRni\u00f1 diger vil\u00e2yetlerine quvuld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u0131mdan s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlik yollar\u0131nda 7889 insan el\u00e2k old\u0131.  Mahsus yerle\u015ftirme yerlerinde  sert komendant nezareti \u015faraitinde a\u00e7l\u0131q, hastal\u0131q, milliy aqs\u0131mlav, zorbal\u0131q ve zulum aqibetinde  s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlikni\u00f1 birinci 1,5 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde tek bir \u00d6zbekistanda halqn\u0131\u00f1 46,2 fay\u0131z\u0131 \u011fay\u0131p old\u0131.  112 bi\u00f1 aileden 2,1 aile tolus\u0131nen yoq old\u0131, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlikni\u00f1 birinci y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00fcm derecesi 30,8 fay\u0131zn\u0131 te\u015fkil etip, Ulu Vatan cenki y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00fcm seviyesinden 1,5 kere ziyade old\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6yleliknen  s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlik aqibetinde 44 bi\u00f1  q\u0131r\u0131mtatar\u0131 el\u00e2k old\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bular  halqn\u0131\u00f1  diger halqlar i\u00e7ine qar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve \u011fay\u0131p olmas\u0131na al\u0131p kelecek edi. L\u00e2kin bu olmad\u0131. Aksine, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlikte Vatan\u011fa qaytmaq  arzus\u0131nen do\u011f\u011fan  y\u00fcksek milliy a\u00f1l\u0131 ya\u015f nesil do\u011fd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u0131mda bulun\u011fan q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 1965 senesi noyabr 12-de  KPSS Merkeziy komitetine yaz\u011fan mekt\u00fcbinde “Ya epsimiz qayt\u0131rm\u0131z, ya da i\u00e7 birimiz” denilgen.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n
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AVDET<\/p>\n

Ke\u00e7ken as\u0131rn\u0131\u00f1 50-nci senelerni\u00f1 ekinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlik yerlerinde q\u0131r\u0131mtatar halq\u0131 aqlar\u0131n\u0131 \u011fayr\u0131dan tiklev o\u011frunda milliy areketni\u00f1 temeli qoyula. 1967 senesinden itibaren Q\u0131r\u0131m\u011fa te\u015fkiliy qaytaruv yolunen birinci q\u0131r\u0131mtatar qorantalar\u0131 qayt\u0131p ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu ceryan pek yava\u015f ketip, devaml\u0131 olmad\u0131. 1967-1977 seneler i\u00e7inde Q\u0131r\u0131mda epsi ol\u0131p 577 q\u0131r\u0131mtatar qorantas\u0131 yerle\u015fti. 1979 ve 1989 seneleri ke\u00e7irilgen cedvelge aluv neticelerine k\u00f6re Q\u0131r\u0131mda q\u0131r\u0131mtatar ealisini\u00f1 say\u0131s\u0131 33 bi\u00f1 insan\u011fa art\u0131p, 38,4 bi\u00f1ge yetken. 1989 senesinde daa 30 000 insan qaytt\u0131, 1990 senesi –  40000-den ziyade ve endi 1990 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 so\u00f1una kelip Q\u0131r\u0131m\u011fa 100000 q\u0131r\u0131mtatar qayt\u0131p keldi. Avdetni\u00f1 e\u00f1 y\u00fcksek dal\u011fas\u0131 1990-91 seneleri old\u0131. SSSRdeki  q\u0131r\u0131mtatar toplum\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 merkezi art\u0131q Q\u0131r\u0131m\u011fa avu\u015ft\u0131. 1991 senesini\u00f1 iy\u00fcn ay\u0131nda  Q\u0131r\u0131mda 130 000 q\u0131r\u0131mtatar\u0131 ya\u015fap, y\u0131ln\u0131\u00f1 so\u00f1una ise q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 say\u0131s\u0131  150 000-den ziyade insann\u0131 te\u015fkil etti. \u015eun\u0131 qayd etmeli ki, Ukrainan\u0131\u00f1 1991 senesi noyabr 13-te qabul etilgen “Ukraina vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aqq\u0131nda” qanun\u0131na k\u00f6re  o zaman Q\u0131r\u0131mda yaz\u0131l\u011fan 73 981 q\u0131r\u0131mtatar\u0131 avtomatik s\u00fcrette Ukraina vatanda\u015f\u0131 old\u0131.<\/p>\n

1989 senesi SSSR Yuqar\u0131 \u015euras\u0131 sessiyas\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 qarar\u0131na k\u00f6re q\u0131r\u0131mtatar halq\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 problemeleri boyunca mahsus komissiya tizile. 1989 senesini\u00f1 noyabr ay\u0131nda “Zoraki k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fcrvge o\u011frat\u0131l\u011fan halqlar\u011fa nisbeten repressiv aktlarn\u0131\u00f1 qanuns\u0131z ve cinaiy dep tan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u015fu halqlarn\u0131\u00f1 aqlar\u0131 teminlenmesi aqq\u0131nda deklaratsiya”  ve SSSR Yuqar\u0131 \u015euras\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 “sovet nemseleri ve q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 meseleleri”ne ait qarar qabul etildi.<\/p>\n

1990 senesi iy\u00fcl ay\u0131nda SSSR Nazirler \u015furas\u0131 “Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 Q\u0131r\u0131m vil\u00e2yetine qayt\u0131p kelmesinen ba\u011fl\u0131 meselelerni \u00e7ez\u00fcvni\u00f1 birinci dereceli tedbirleri aqq\u0131nda” qararn\u0131 qabul etti.<\/p>\n

\u015eundan itibaren q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 k\u00fctleviy s\u00fcrette Q\u0131r\u0131m\u011fa avdeti ba\u015fland\u0131<\/p>\n

“Amma Q\u0131r\u0131mda olarn\u0131 i\u00e7 kimse beklemey edi. Bir \u00e7oq \u015feerlerde \u00e7ad\u0131rlar \u015feer\u00e7igi qoyul\u0131p, q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 Vatan\u011fa aqlar\u0131 tan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talap etken \u015fiarlar yaz\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Aqmescitte \u00fck\u00fcmet binas\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda turmadan mitingler ke\u00e7irildi.  Q\u0131r\u0131m tolu degen mana\u00e7\u0131qnen tatarlar\u011fa topraq damart\u0131lar\u0131 berilmedi. \u00d6z paras\u0131na ev sat\u0131n al\u011fanlarn\u0131 ise yazmad\u0131, evlerini resmiyle\u015ftirmediler.  Uquqqor\u00e7alav organlar\u0131 muntazam s\u00fcrette ceza aktsiyalar\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131lar. Amma tatarlar d\u00fcnyan\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtqan inatl\u0131qn\u0131 numay\u0131\u015f ettiler. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u011fan, i\u015ftirak\u00e7ileri k\u00f6teklengen piketni\u00f1 yerinde sabas\u0131na endi ya\u00f1\u0131s\u0131 peyda old\u0131, – dep hat\u0131rlay o k\u00fcnlerni Tatarstan Jurnalistler birligini\u00f1 azas\u0131  Rifkat Gusmanovi\u00e7 Yakupov<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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ZEMANEV\u0130Y TAR\u0130H<\/p>\n

1991 senesi ekinci Qurultay \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 \u00f6z-\u00f6z\u00fcni idare et\u00fcv milliy organ\u0131 meydan\u011fa ketirildi. Er be\u015f y\u0131lda ya\u00f1\u0131 Qurultayn\u0131\u00f1 saylavlar\u0131 ke\u00e7irile. Qurultay icra organ\u0131 ol\u011fan Q\u0131r\u0131mtatar halq\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 Meclisini \u015fekillendire. Meclis faaliyetini\u00f1 devam\u0131nda on\u0131\u00f1 reisi Mustafa Cemilev old\u0131. 2013 senesini\u00f1 noyabr ay\u0131nda Meclis reisi olaraq Refat \u00c7ubarov sayland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131r\u0131mda Rusiye meyilli ay\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131q areketiine qar\u015f\u0131 q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar daima Ukrainan\u0131\u00f1 territorial b\u00fct\u00fcnligini\u00f1 tarafdarlar\u0131 ol\u0131p keldiler. Bu\u00f1a baqmadan 2014 senesi mart ay\u0131nda Rusiye Q\u0131r\u0131mn\u0131 i\u015f\u011fal etti. Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlarn\u0131\u00f1 Q\u0131r\u0131mn\u0131\u00f1 Rusiyege qo\u015fulmas\u0131n\u0131 qabul etmemesi cemiyet ve yetek\u00e7ilerini\u00f1 ya\u00f1\u0131 Q\u0131r\u0131m ve Moskva akimiyetinen keskin davas\u0131na ketirdi. 2014 senesini\u00f1 mart\u0131ndan q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar sanki ya\u00f1\u0131 akimiyet taraf\u0131ndan daimiy repressiya ve basq\u0131lar\u011fa o\u011frat\u0131lmaqtalar. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

TAR\u0130H Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarlar \u2014 Q\u0131r\u0131mn\u0131\u00f1 tam\u0131r halq\u0131; Q\u0131r\u0131mda tarihiy \u015fekillengen \u015farqiy avropa t\u00fcrkiy halq\u0131. ETNOGENEZ Q\u0131r\u0131mtatar halq\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 etnik tarihi bi\u00f1y\u0131llar devam\u0131nda Q\u0131r\u0131m yar\u0131madas\u0131nda ol\u0131p ke\u00e7ti. Bir \u00e7oq amilni\u00f1 tesiri alt\u0131nda yerli halqn\u0131\u00f1 antropolojik k\u00f6r\u00fcni\u015fi, \u0131rq\u0131, tili, dini, urf-adetleri ve \u00f6z\u00fcne has ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 hususiyetleri inki\u015faf etmi\u015ftir. Bu pek devaml\u0131 ve q\u0131y\u0131n ilerleme areketi ol\u011fan edi. 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